Routing

The routing module provides URL rewriting in native Ruby. It’s a way to redirect incoming requests to controllers and actions. This replaces mod_rewrite rules. Best of all, Rails’ Routing works with any web server. Routes are defined in routes.rb in your RAILS_ROOT/config directory.

Consider the following route, installed by Rails when you generate your application:

map.connect ':controller/:action/:id'

This route states that it expects requests to consist of a :controller followed by an :action that in turn is fed some :id.

Suppose you get an incoming request for /blog/edit/22, you’ll end up with:

params = { :controller => 'blog',
           :action     => 'edit',
           :id         => '22'
        }

Think of creating routes as drawing a map for your requests. The map tells them where to go based on some predefined pattern:

ActionController::Routing::Routes.draw do |map|
 Pattern 1 tells some request to go to one place
 Pattern 2 tell them to go to another
 ...
end

The following symbols are special:

:controller maps to your controller name
:action     maps to an action with your controllers

Other names simply map to a parameter as in the case of +:id+.

Route priority

Not all routes are created equally. Routes have priority defined by the order of appearance of the routes in the routes.rb file. The priority goes from top to bottom. The last route in that file is at the lowest priority and will be applied last. If no route matches, 404 is returned.

Within blocks, the empty pattern is at the highest priority. In practice this works out nicely:

ActionController::Routing::Routes.draw do |map|
  map.with_options :controller => 'blog' do |blog|
    blog.show '',  :action => 'list'
  end
  map.connect ':controller/:action/:view'
end

In this case, invoking blog controller (with an URL like ’/blog/’) without parameters will activate the ‘list’ action by default.

Defaults routes and default parameters

Setting a default route is straightforward in Rails - you simply append a Hash at the end of your mapping to set any default parameters.

Example:

ActionController::Routing:Routes.draw do |map|
  map.connect ':controller/:action/:id', :controller => 'blog'
end

This sets up blog as the default controller if no other is specified. This means visiting ’/’ would invoke the blog controller.

More formally, you can define defaults in a route with the +:defaults+ key.

map.connect ':controller/:action/:id', :action => 'show', :defaults => { :page => 'Dashboard' }

Named routes

Routes can be named with the syntax map.name_of_route options, allowing for easy reference within your source as name_of_route_url for the full URL and name_of_route_path for the URI path.

Example:

# In routes.rb
map.login 'login', :controller => 'accounts', :action => 'login'

# With render, redirect_to, tests, etc.
redirect_to login_url

Arguments can be passed as well.

redirect_to show_item_path(:id => 25)

Use map.root as a shorthand to name a route for the root path "".

# In routes.rb
map.root :controller => 'blogs'

# would recognize http://www.example.com/ as
params = { :controller => 'blogs', :action => 'index' }

# and provide these named routes
root_url   # => 'http://www.example.com/'
root_path  # => ''

Note: when using with_options, the route is simply named after the method you call on the block parameter rather than map.

# In routes.rb
map.with_options :controller => 'blog' do |blog|
  blog.show    '',            :action  => 'list'
  blog.delete  'delete/:id',  :action  => 'delete',
  blog.edit    'edit/:id',    :action  => 'edit'
end

# provides named routes for show, delete, and edit
link_to @article.title, show_path(:id => @article.id)

Pretty URLs

Routes can generate pretty URLs. For example:

map.connect 'articles/:year/:month/:day',
            :controller => 'articles',
            :action     => 'find_by_date',
            :year       => /\d{4}/,
            :month      => /\d{1,2}/,
            :day        => /\d{1,2}/

# Using the route above, the url below maps to:
# params = {:year => '2005', :month => '11', :day => '06'}
# http://localhost:3000/articles/2005/11/06

Regular Expressions and parameters

You can specify a regular expression to define a format for a parameter.

map.geocode 'geocode/:postalcode', :controller => 'geocode',
            :action => 'show', :postalcode => /\d{5}(-\d{4})?/

or, more formally:

map.geocode 'geocode/:postalcode', :controller => 'geocode',
            :action => 'show', :requirements => { :postalcode => /\d{5}(-\d{4})?/ }

Route globbing

Specifying *[string] as part of a rule like:

map.connect '*path' , :controller => 'blog' , :action => 'unrecognized?'

will glob all remaining parts of the route that were not recognized earlier. This idiom must appear at the end of the path. The globbed values are in params[:path] in this case.

Route conditions

With conditions you can define restrictions on routes. Currently the only valid condition is :method.

• :method - Allows you to specify which method can access the route. Possible values are :post, :get, :put, :delete and :any. The default value is :any, :any means that any method can access the route.

Example:

map.connect 'post/:id', :controller => 'posts', :action => 'show',
            :conditions => { :method => :get }
map.connect 'post/:id', :controller => 'posts', :action => 'create_comment',
            :conditions => { :method => :post }

Now, if you POST to /posts/:id, it will route to the create_comment action. A GET on the same URL will route to the show action.

Reloading routes

You can reload routes if you feel you must:

ActionController::Routing::Routes.reload

This will clear all named routes and reload routes.rb if the file has been modified from last load. To absolutely force reloading, use +reload!+.

Testing Routes

The two main methods for testing your routes:

assert_routing

def test_movie_route_properly_splits
 opts = {:controller => "plugin", :action => "checkout", :id => "2"}
 assert_routing "plugin/checkout/2", opts
end

assert_routing lets you test whether or not the route properly resolves into options.

assert_recognizes

def test_route_has_options
 opts = {:controller => "plugin", :action => "show", :id => "12"}
 assert_recognizes opts, "/plugins/show/12"
end

Note the subtle difference between the two: assert_routing tests that a URL fits options while assert_recognizes tests that a URL breaks into parameters properly.

In tests you can simply pass the URL or named route to get or post.

def send_to_jail
  get '/jail'
  assert_response :success
  assert_template "jail/front"
end

def goes_to_login
  get login_url
  #...
end

View a list of all your routes

Run rake routes.

Modules
Helpers	A helper module to hold URL related helpers.
Optimisation	Much of the slow performance from routes comes from the complexity of expiry, :requirements matching, defaults providing and figuring out which url pattern to use. With named routes we can avoid the expense of finding the right route. So if they’ve provided the right number of arguments, and have no :requirements, we can just build up a string and return it.
RouteSet

Classes
ControllerSegment
DividerSegment
DynamicSegment
PathSegment
Route
RouteBuilder
RouteSet
Segment
StaticSegment

Constants
ALLOWED_REQUIREMENTS_FOR_OPTIMISATION
HTTP_METHODS
Routes
SEPARATORS

Public Methods
controller_relative_to
inflections_with_route_reloading
normalize_paths
possible_controllers
use_controllers!
with_controllers